Identifying strategies to enhance piglet birth weight
Genetic selection for litter size and improved management practices has resulted in more piglets farrowed per litter, yet, improvements in litter size have compromised piglet survival.
August 9, 2018
By Mark Knauer, North Carolina State University
As litter size has increased over the past decade the swine industry has observed an erosion in piglet quality. Piglet birth weight is a major component of piglet quality at weaning. Hence, strategies are needed to reduce the percentage of low birth weight piglets. Genetically, differences in piglet quality exist between sire lines. Nutritionally, increasing the feeding level of gilts in late-gestation has consistently been shown to increase piglet birth weight. Further studies are needed using modern, hyper-prolific females to identify technologies that improve piglet birth weight.
Genetic selection for litter size and improved management practices have resulted in more piglets farrowed per litter in the United States (Knauer and Hostetler, 2013). Yet, improvements in litter size have compromised piglet survival (Figure 1). Reductions in piglet survival can be explained, in part, by piglet birth weight. Hence, management strategies to enhance these traits are needed to improve piglet survival and reproductive throughput.
Figure 1: U.S. total number born (TNB), number weaned (NW) and piglet survival (NW÷TNB) by year (Knauer and Hostetler, 2013; Stalder, 2017).
Piglet birth weight has clear associations with production throughput and efficiency. An increase of one piglet per litter is associated with a 30 to 50 gram reduction in average piglet birth weight (Opschoor et al., 2010). Hence, issues with low birth weight piglets have increased over the past decade. Low birthweight piglets have greater preweaning mortality (Fix et al., 2010a), in part due to lower colostrum intake (Devillers et al., 2007) and challenges maintaining body temperature (Alonso-Spilsbury et al., 2007). Chilled piglets seek the sow’s udder for warmth making them more likely to be crushed. Fix et al. (2010a) further reported low birth weight piglets had greater mortality in the nursery. In relation to growth rate, low birth weight piglets have poorer average daily gain from birth to weaning, in the nursery and throughout the finishing phase (Fix et al., 2010b).
Taken together, these results show low birth weight piglets are less likely to be full value market hogs (Figure 2, Fix et al., 2010a). Besides improvements in throughput, greater piglet birth weight is associated with improved feed efficiency in the finisher at a fixed weight (Wolter et al., 2002; Knauer, 2017). Hence improving average piglet birth weight offers opportunities to increase farm income and reduce costs.
Figure 2: Association between piglet birth weight and likelihood of a pig being full value at market (Fix et al., 2010a).
Strategies to enhance piglet birth weight
Genetic
Genetic selection for litter size in modern maternal lines, without simultaneous improvements in piglet quality, has increased the percentage of low birth weight piglets (Holl and Long, 2006). Yet many genetic suppliers have recently changed their selection practices to put more emphasis on piglet birth weight or other piglet quality measures. Yet genetic change takes time. Maternal line improvements in piglet quality made at the nucleus level will take years to filter down to the commercial level of production.
Genetic differences between sire lines for birth weight exist. Parker and Knauer (2017) reported Duroc-sired piglets were 110 grams heavier at birth when compared to maternal white line-sired piglets. Thus, identifying terminal sire lines that have greater piglet birth weight may be a viable strategy to enhance piglet quality.
Management
Opschoor et al. (2010) reported management practices associated with piglet birth weight across 19 Dutch farms. Farmers were asked a multitude of questions related to their farm. The following given answers are not significantly different (P>0.05) but biologically meaningful. Although not significant (P=0.30), gilts quarantined before herd entry had a 39 gram higher average piglet birth weight in comparison to gilts directly introduced. Sows group housed had a 61 gram greater (P=0.34) average piglet birth weight in comparison to sows housed in gestation stalls. These results are supported by Bates et al. (2003) who reported sows in group housing had higher litter birth weight than sows from individual stalled gestation.
The reason sows from group gestation systems tend to have higher piglet birth weights relative to stalls is unclear. Perhaps increased exercise in group gestation, relative to sows in stalls, increases average piglet birth weight. This is supported by Hale et al. (1981) who reported sows that were exercised on a treadmill for 15 minutes per day had numerically higher average piglet birth weights (~70 grams) in comparison to those that were not. Opschoor et al. (2010) further showed the use of prostaglandins numerically lowered (P=0.32) average piglet birth weight by 43 grams in comparison to natural farrowing. In agreement, Welp and Holtz (1985) reported piglet birth weight was slightly lower in sows given prostaglandins under field conditions. Since rapid piglet growth occurs during the latter part of gestation, it would be expected that artificially shortening gestation length through prostaglandin use would reduce average piglet birth weight.
The individual collecting data for Opschoor et al. (2010) gave an overall farm hygiene score (very good, good or average) when visiting each farm. The subjective score was based on availability of protocols and overall impression of hygiene. Average piglet birth weight tended (P=0.10) to be associated with farm hygiene. Average piglet birth weight for farms with very good hygiene weighed 104 grams more than good farms and 224 grams more than average farms. These results support the idea that excellent management will be reflected in a farm’s production.
Nutrition
Increasing feeding level in late-gestation
Increasing a sow’s feeding level in late-gestation is commonly referred to as “bump feeding.” Bump feeding has consistently been shown to increase piglet birth weight in gilts (Table 1) but not sows (Table 2). Yet Cromwell et al. (1989) reported average piglet birth weight was increased in sows that were bump fed multiple reproductive cycles. Hence, bump feeding modern, hyper-prolific sows over multiple cycles warrants further investigation.
Table 1: Effect of increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation on average piglet birth weight.
Table 2. Effect of increasing sow feeding level in late gestation on average piglet birth weight.
Increasing lysine or soybean meal in gestation
Increasing lysine over nutrient requirements during specific periods of gestation has been shown to enhance piglet birth weight by Yang et al. (2009) and Zhang et al. (2011) (Table 3). While these studies are promising, they need to be replicated using modern, hyper-prolific genetics. Attempts to increase lysine and/or other amino acids by increasing soybean meal has been reported to have little impact on average piglet birth weight (Table 4).
Table 3: Effect of gestation lysine level on average piglet birth weight.
Table 4: Effect of gestation soybean meal level on average piglet birth weight.
Carnitine
Feeding L-carnitine in gestation has consistently been reported to increase average piglet birth weight (Table 5). Yet few or no studies have been reported the past decade using modern, hyper-prolific genetics.
Table 5: Effect of gestation L-carnitine on average piglet birth weight.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
Feeding β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) in gestation has been reported to increase piglet birth weight several times (Table 6). Yet the most recent study, using hyper-prolific genetics, reported no differences between the HMB treatment and the control (Parker and Knauer, 2017). Perhaps more studies are needed associating HMB with piglet birth weight using modern, hyper-prolific genetics.
Table 6: Effect of gestation β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on average piglet birth weight.
The author would like to thank the North Carolina Department of Agriculture Tidewater Research Station for their continued assistance in seeking solutions to enhance piglet quality.
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